Surprising predictions part 4

 The different organ systems of the human body and how they work together

An organ system is a group of organs working together to achieve certain bodily functions. In general, there are four major organ systems in the human body that make up your anatomy: the nervous system, the endocrine system, the digestive system and the urinary system. Each of these organ systems has different responsibilities, but they all work together to help you live your daily life. This article will take you through an introduction to each of these organ systems, how they interact with one another and what their functions are in the human body.

Introduction to organs

The human body is made up of several organ systems that work together to keep the body functioning. These systems include the respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system, skeletal system, muscular system, endocrine system, and urinary system. Each system has specific organs that work together to perform certain functions. For example, the respiratory system includes the lungs, which take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. The circulatory system includes the heart, which pumps blood throughout the body. The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be used by the body. The skeletal system provides support and protection for the organs. The muscular system allows for movement. The endocrine system regulates hormones. The urinary system eliminates waste from the body. Below is a more detailed description of each system. A brief summary of what these systems do: -The respiratory system takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood -The circulatory system includes the heart, which pumps blood throughout the body -The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be used by the body -The skeletal system provides support and protection for the organs; it also stores minerals and produces new cells. It also protects internal structures like bones, muscles, nerves, kidneys etc. It also helps maintain an upright posture with its supportive ligaments and joints as well as providing attachment points for muscles. Bones also provide calcium storage sites to make sure our bones are strong enough to carry us around day after day! -The muscular system allows for movement. Muscles help us speak, laugh, walk and chew gum at the same time (or so we've been told). They also help contract or release tension when needed. Our muscles store energy in the form of glycogen or fat depending on their use. -The endocrine system regulates hormones such as insulin, glucagon, adrenaline and growth hormone to name a few; this process is called homeostasis. 

-The urinary system eliminates waste from the bodybody . The urinary system consists of two main parts, the ureters and bladder. Urine leaves the body through the urethra while solid wastes leave through the anus. Waste products are usually stored in urine until they're excreted out through urination or defecation. Some examples of waste products eliminated by urination are urea, creatinine, excess water from drinks and foods not absorbed by your intestines, some cholesterol and bilirubin pigments that give feces its brown color. The skin-the largest organ in the body-protects against infection and excessive loss of water. It also releases sweat that cools your body's temperature, wicks away moisture from the surface of your skin, and prevents sunburn. In addition to those duties, skin is essential to making vitamin D3 (a nutrient necessary for good health) under the right conditions. The integumentary system's hair roots produce melanin pigment found in hair follicles which creates natural sunscreen protection against ultraviolet radiation exposure. 

Humans need other systems as well like breathing to provide them with life-giving oxygen and processing any toxins or pollutants you might have come into contact with during the day. This system is all about getting the bad stuff out of the body. Breathing is also vital for clearing the respiratory tract of foreign particles, and for preventing accumulation of carbon dioxide, which could lead to hyperventilation. You may also be wondering about the reproductive system, and yes, that is another one of the body's organ systems that work together to function properly. The endocrine system regulates hormones including sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone which help regulate fertility in both males and females. The nervous system controls involuntary actions like heart rate, digestion, and perspiration. If it malfunctions it can cause disorders such as diabetes mellitus or sleep apnea. The last major organ system is the circulatory system which delivers blood to every part of your body via veins and arteries. It provides oxygen and nutrients to cells, removes metabolic wastes and even fights off bacteria when there's an infection in a particular area of the body. There are three components of the circulatory system: The heart, blood vessels and blood. Arteries transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to various parts of the body where capillaries take over. They carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs where they pass it on to veins which eventually return this less concentrated form of red cells back to the left side of your heart before being pumped back out again. One more note before we wrap up here-your brain is actually a very large part of your central nervous system which monitors sensory input coming in through your five senses and then sends signals back so you know what action should be taken next.

Digestive system

The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food so that the nutrients can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The mouth is where digestion begins; food is chewed and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin to break down carbohydrates. The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach is a sac-like organ that stores food and begins to break it down with acids and enzymes. The small intestine is a long, coiled tube where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place. The large intestine absorbs water and any remaining nutrients from food. After this point, what remains is called feces or stool. The anus removes solid waste from the body by passing it through the rectum out of the body through the anus. The urinary system helps maintain homeostasis in our bodies by removing excess fluid, electrolytes, and toxins in urine. It consists of two kidneys, two ureters (tubes leading from the kidneys to the bladder), one bladder (a storage organ), and one urethra (the tube connecting the bladder to outside of the body). It starts when liquid wastes are filtered out of blood in the kidney. These wastes travel up two thin tubes called ureters where they join at a small muscular ball called the bladder. Urine leaves this ball through another tube called urethra and passes outside our bodies. The urinary system also filters out extra fluid and chemicals, such as salt and potassium, that our cells need. As it does this, the minerals stay behind to keep bones strong and teeth healthy. The reproductive system allows us to reproduce: sperm fertilizes an egg in a woman's ovaries before traveling down her fallopian tubes toward her uterus; if an egg isn't fertilized during its journey, she menstruates. In men's reproductive systems, sperm travels from the testes up their vas deferens then into the prostate gland and finally exits the body through the penis during ejacu. Reproduction relies on the release of eggs from female ovaries, which happens once per month during a process called menstrual bleeding. Menstrual bleeding is necessary because women’s bodies have mechanisms to regulate birth rate. A hormone named progesterone triggers uterine contractions, preparing the uterus for childbirth. If pregnancy does not occur in time, the hormone causes changes that allow endometrial tissue to slough off and exit through menstrual bleeding. The respiratory system aids in gas exchange, mainly by bringing oxygen into the lungs and releasing carbon dioxide. Breathing occurs when we inhale oxygen through the nose or mouth and exhale carbon dioxide back out. The five major organs that make up the respiratory system are nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Air enters our nasal cavities via inhalation and moves down the throat until it reaches the larynx - a cartilage ring of vocal cords positioned above our windpipe (trachea) to form a funnel shape for easier breathing. From the larynx, air moves down into the windpipe, called the trachea. The trachea divides into two branches that lead to our lungs. The left lung is separated from the right lung by a wall of cartilage called the mediastinum. The left lung has three lobes and the right lung has two lobes. This means that each lung has three lobes while only two meet in our chest cavity.

Circulatory system

The circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood, nutrients, hormones, and oxygen to and from cells. It consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The circulatory system is a closed loop, meaning that the blood never leaves the body. The heart pumps blood through the arteries to the organs and tissues. The veins then return the blood back to the heart. Nutrients, hormones, and carbon dioxide diffuse across cell membranes in tissue spaces and are carried by the blood stream. 

There are two types of lymphatic vessels: lymphatic vessels carry lymph, which is mostly water with some proteins dissolved in it; it also contains some fats; these are not dissolved in water. Lymphatic vessels transport both the interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) and excess interstitial fluid that has been filtered out of the bloodstream into lymph nodes where it can be removed by other body systems or reabsorbed by tissues. The immune system uses this type of vessel to fight infections. When an infection enters the body, antibodies identify its specific protein and form clumps called immune complexes that adhere to nearby cells. White blood cells called lymphocytes patrol nearby looking for any new invaders, including antibodies. When an invading antigen encounters an antibody-coated lymphocyte, the antigen binds itself onto one of the lymphocyte's receptors triggering a cascade of events inside the lymphocyte that ends up creating more antibody-coated cells. These newly created antibody-coated white blood cells leave to find new invaders and destroy them before they get too far into your body. Immune response is often so fast that you don't even realize you were infected until hours later. Digestive system: The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs the resulting nutrients into the bloodstream. It consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus and anal canal. When food reaches the stomach acid churns in order to break down food molecules so they will pass easily through the lining of the stomach into your intestines - where most digestion occurs - but if there's anything left over when it gets there then it will pass on to your colon where undigested bits will turn into solid waste known as feces. It's important to keep your intestines healthy by eating lots of fruits and vegetables because they contain antioxidants, minerals, vitamins, fiber and carbohydrates all vital for good health. So eat your fruits and veggies! Respiratory system: The respiratory system is composed of the nose, sinuses, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), lungs and diaphragm. Air moves in one direction only through the respiratory tract: inhaled air moves into the lungs while exhaled air exits the lungs and travels upwards towards your nose through the trachea. The trachea divides into the right and left bronchi, which divide again into smaller branches called bronchioles. The bronchioles terminate in sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange takes place. The size of the alveoli varies depending on their location within the lung. Alveoli near the entrance to the lung have a larger surface area to facilitate gas exchange than those near the exit of the lung. This is why children have more alveoli than adults, whose alveoli decrease in number as they age and their chest wall becomes less flexible. Muscular system: The muscular system provides power for all movement throughout your body, whether it's moving your arms, legs, eyes or head. The system is made up of three layers: the superficial layer, the intermediate layer and the deep layer. The superficial layer is made up of muscles that are closest to your skin and are responsible for movements such as head nodding and eye blinking. The intermediate layer is located beneath the superficial muscle layer and it's responsible for postural support, stabilizing joints and maintaining balance. Finally, the deep muscle layer attaches to your bones by way of tendons (bands of tissue that connect muscles to bones). This is where you'll find all of your major muscles that provide powerful movements like walking, running, throwing a ball and making rapid contractions. Nervous system.

Respiratory system

The respiratory system is a group of organs and tissues that work together to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. The main function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen so that the cells can produce energy. The respiratory system includes the nose, mouth, throat, lungs, and airways. The nose is responsible for filtering the air, while the mouth and throat help to direct the air into the lungs. The lungs are where gas exchange takes place. The airways are a network of tubes that carry air to and from the lungs. They include the trachea (or windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Bronchi are larger than bronchioles and both are larger than alveoli. Alveoli represent tiny little sacs that make up part of the lungs which provide surface area for gaseous exchange. The air then moves through the upper respiratory tract including the nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), and epiglottis before exiting through either nostrils or mouth respectively. 

An interesting fact about this system is it's not just humans who need it! Birds breathe using their specialized air sacs instead of lungs because they don't have enough ribs to support them adequately like we do! In fish, gas exchange takes place directly on the external surfaces of the body due to their lack of any other respiratory organ! Also, the respiratory system is often used as an indicator of stress levels in animals. For example, when a deer senses danger nearby, they increase their breathing rate by 30% or more to get more oxygen delivered to their muscles so they can escape quickly. Likewise when they feel relaxed after escaping danger, their breathing rate returns back to normal levels. Oxygen enters the bloodstream via red blood cells in mammals and hemoglobin in birds. When these arrive at the heart, they release their oxygen content into the capillaries that surround each lung lobe. When this happens, carbon dioxide starts to build up inside the blood vessels around those same lung lobes. Meanwhile, the heart is pumping out blood full of carbon dioxide-rich blood towards these lobes where it gets exhaled out of the body along with any residual water vapor left over from air intake process when it reaches alveoli sacs via bronchi and/or bronchioles during inhalation process. The last stop for exhaled air is the mouth and nose where it finally leaves the body and enters back into atmosphere. 

Each system has many sub-systems. Some examples are: nervous system, endocrine system, digestive system, circulatory system, reproductive system etc. 

Breathing is controlled by central command located in our brain through a network of neurons (nerve cells). Our brain constantly receives signals from all parts of our body about what's going on with them including their oxygen and carbon dioxide levels through its network of sensory neurons. Then it analyzes these data using complex algorithms built into its neural networks. If it senses that we need more oxygen or less carbon dioxide than what is currently available from environment then it commands our diaphragm to contract in order to expand lung space so that we can take in more air containing extra oxygen from environment into alveoli sacs via airways during inhalation process. The opposite will happen if it senses that carbon dioxide is too high in the body. It will instruct rib cage to compress down and thoracic diaphragm to relax so that we exhale more carbon dioxide from body by pushing air containing it out of lungs during exhalation process. When air flows out of trachea and past vocal cords during exhalation process, it causes vibration that generates sound waves. These vibrations help us speak properly as well as detect when others are talking near us by bouncing off objects such as walls and furniture. They also help keep bacteria away from our delicate organs since they find airborne particles much harder to survive on. One of the most important functions of the respiratory system is to filter out impurities in the air that we breathe. This is done by trapping foreign particles and pathogens (disease-causing agents) in the mucus lining of our throat, nose, and windpipe before they enter into body. In case some harmful bacteria manage to sneak by, there are millions of infection fighting white blood cells waiting inside small pockets known as lymph nodes. Lymph nodes contain special immune cells called B lymphocytes which produce antibodies that destroy invaders from outside. So, the respiratory system's main purpose is to provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from our body in a way that it doesn't damage any of our vital organs. 

In order to fully understand this system's function, we need to know more about its subdivisions. The nose and mouth are where inhaled air first enters into our body. This air travels through larynx (voice box), pharynx (throat), and trachea (windpipe) until it reaches bronchi and bronchioles during inhalation process when they branch out into tiny clusters of cells called alveoli sacs.

Nervous system

The nervous system is responsible for coordinating all the actions of the body. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The brain is the control center for the nervous system. It sends and receives signals to and from all parts of the body. The spinal cord is a long, thin bundle of nerves that extends from the brain to the lower back. It carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body. The nerves are thin tubes that carry messages from the spinal cord to all parts of the body. These messages tell your muscles when to move or your stomach when it's time to digest food. They also send sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain back up the spinal cord to the brain. 

All five senses-seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, touching-are coordinated by the nervous system. All senses have receptors on cells throughout your body that send information up through specific nerve pathways in your spine called sensory nerves. These pathways connect at two main places in your skull-the thalamus (main relay station) and cortex (seat of consciousness). From there these sensations are sent into an area called the limbic system where emotions like fear or pleasure can be generated in response to what you sense. Other areas in the brain then process these emotional responses and determine which action should be taken-whether to eat or run away, for example. Endocrine system: The endocrine system releases hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemicals that act as messengers to regulate various functions in your body. Some examples of hormones include adrenaline, which causes increased heart rate and blood pressure; insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels; thyroxine, which affects growth rate; and oxytocin, which plays a role in childbirth and breastfeeding. Without this essential system we would not survive even a few minutes because our bodies wouldn't know how much insulin to release to keep our blood sugar normal without help from the endocrine system. Blood is pumped by the heart with each beat, providing oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body. Blood flows from small arteries into smaller capillaries where gas exchange takes place. Blood leaves capillaries through venules and passes back into larger veins before returning to the right side of the heart. Red blood cells pick up oxygen from lungs and other organs before being carried to tissues throughout the body via arteries for use in cellular respiration, which produces energy for life processes including physical activity. Lymphatic system: Your lymphatic system helps protect your body against infection and disease. You may think of lymph fluid as similar to plasma but instead has protein content more like a milkshake than like water-just think healthy fluids! In the course of their journey, lymphocytes (white blood cells) and macrophages, along with waste materials, enter the large lymph nodes. If any of these substances seems suspicious to the immune system, they trigger the production of antibodies. A kind of immune memory exists within the node so that if the same substance enters again it will produce a stronger reaction. This is why vaccination works to prevent diseases like measles or whooping cough. Reproductive system: The reproductive system comprises one half of the sexual functioning body and involves male and female sexual organs. Reproduction begins with fertilization and ends with birth. 

Fertilization occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg released by one of the ovaries during ovulation.

Endocrine system

The endocrine system is responsible for producing hormones that regulate many important functions in the body, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response. The endocrine system consists of several glands, each of which secretes a specific type of hormone into the bloodstream. These hormones travel to target tissues, where they bind to receptors and trigger a response. The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to coordinate these responses. For example, when we are stressed or frightened, the hypothalamus in our brain sends a signal to release adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal gland. Epinephrine stimulates various parts of our body by binding to beta-adrenergic receptors on cells. These signals prepare us for physical activity by increasing heart rate and blood pressure, dilating air passages so we can breathe more easily, narrowing blood vessels so less blood is lost if we get injured, and causing more glucose (sugar) to be released into our bloodstream so it's available as an energy source during physical exertion.The  other major component of the endocrine system is the pituitary gland, located at the base of your brain. It produces hormones called tropic hormones that stimulate other glands to produce their own hormones. The pituitary also produces its own set of tropic hormones, which direct some other organs in the body to release their own set of tropic hormones. Examples include thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which tells your thyroid gland to produce thyroxin; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which tells your adrenal cortex to produce cortisol; and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which tells your ovaries or testes to produce estrogen or testosterone respectively. Endocrinologists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating disorders related to the endocrine system. They use information about what type of symptoms you're experiencing, where you are experiencing them, and any family history of such problems to make a diagnosis. They may also order tests to measure levels of certain hormones in your blood or urine. Treatment typically involves medications that suppress the overactive gland or secrete a missing hormone. If this doesn't help alleviate symptoms, surgery may be needed to remove part of the offending gland.

Urinary system

The urinary system helps to filter out waste products from the blood and maintain a healthy balance of fluids in the body. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs that remove waste products from the blood and produce urine. The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine until it is ready to be excreted. The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. When the bladder becomes full, messages from nerve endings travel through the spinal cord and brain stem to the sphincter muscles around the opening of the bladder. These muscles relax and allow urine to flow out. When we urinate, we can interrupt this process by closing off or tightening these muscles or by voluntarily controlling when we urinate by suppressing these nerve signals before they reach our brain stem. The reproductive system produces new individuals as well as providing pleasure for humans during sexual intercourse. For males, semen contains sperm which fertilizes eggs; while for females, there are two ovaries which release eggs periodically into a fallopian tube leading towards uterus where it can implant if fertilized. Both men and women have an adrenal gland which produce hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol and adrenaline to regulate a wide range of biological processes including metabolism. Endocrine system: There are three endocrine glands in the human body: pineal gland (also called pineal body), pituitary gland (also called hypophysis) and hypothalamus. They control functions such as reproduction and growth by secreting hormones into the bloodstream. Neural system: The neural system is made up of nerves that send impulses throughout the entire body via electrical signals called action potentials. The brain processes information from senses such as sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch and pain with input from other parts of the nervous system to create thoughts within milliseconds.

Reproductive system

The reproductive system is responsible for the creation of new life. It is made up of both internal and external organs. The internal organs include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. The external organs are the vulva, clitoris, and labia. The reproductive system works with the endocrine system to produce hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle and fertility. These hormones also cause other physical changes in women such as breast development, fat distribution, and changes in skin texture. The male reproductive system consists of the penis, scrotum, testicles, epididymus and vas deferens. The urethra runs through the middle of the penis where urine is expelled from the bladder. 

The scrotum contains two sacs called testes or testicles which produce sperm and male sex hormones called testosterone which trigger sexual desire in men and stimulate pubic hair growth on their bodies. Testosterone also makes men grow more facial hair like a beard or mustache and it strengthens their bones. When a man ejaculates sperm into a woman's vagina during sexual intercourse he releases seminal fluid into her vaginal canal too. Semen has nutrients that protect and nourish the sperm making them able to survive longer. If a man does not ejaculate his semen then this material mixes with his female partner's fluids inside her vagina and creates a milky-white liquid called cervical mucus. Cervical mucus is an important form of birth control because it blocks sperm from entering the uterus preventing pregnancy. In addition, after orgasm some men experience an expulsion of semen outside their bodies through either their anus or by wet dreams (known medically as nocturnal emission). The prostate gland produces prostate fluid which comes out when a man urinates to lubricate the urethra so it doesn't become irritated when passing urine out of his body. As well, the prostate gland plays a role in producing seminal fluid for ejaculation. Furthermore, many glands make up the digestive system including the salivary glands which produce saliva that moistens food before chewing and swallowing. Other glands include taste buds which allow us to sense five tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. Taste buds can only detect these tastes if there is enough saliva present to dissolve food particles on our tongue. 

The respiratory system delivers oxygen to all cells in our body while removing carbon dioxide so they can function properly. Air enters our nose or mouth but then passes down into our lungs via small airways called bronchi before finally reaching tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange takes place. Alveoli are surrounded by blood vessels called capillaries which deliver fresh oxygen to the tissue of our body. The waste product, carbon dioxide, is picked up and carried back to the heart and lungs. Carbon dioxide leaves our body through our breath or skin in sweat. On a cellular level, the brain regulates mood and emotion through neurotransmitters that send messages between nerve cells. One example of a neurotransmitter is serotonin which helps regulate mood and sleep cycles. Serotonin levels increase when people eat carbohydrates which leads to better moods and sleep quality.

Skeletal muscle tissue

The skeletal muscle tissue is one of the three major muscle types in the human body. It is also known as striated muscle because of the alternating light and dark bands that run across its surface. These bands are created by proteins called actin and myosin, which are arranged in a repeating pattern. The interaction between these proteins allows the muscle to contract, or shorten, which is what produces movement. Skeletal muscles can be found throughout the body, including on the face, neck, arms, legs and torso. They are most often used for mobility (walking), but can also be used for other functions such as maintaining posture. Skeletal muscles are made up of individual muscle fibers bundled together into groups. When a single group contracts, it causes nearby groups to contract as well. The muscle contraction process starts with an electrical impulse from the brain triggering nerve cells to release chemicals called neurotransmitters, which bind to receptors on the muscle cells’ surfaces. These stimulate those cells so that calcium ions flood in through channels on their cell membranes. Muscle contraction occurs when calcium binds with a protein called actin; this strengthens and shortens the protein so that it pulls on another part of the cell membrane, forcing this part away from its partner. Meanwhile, the calcium triggers chemical reactions within the cell that pump out potassium ions and make energy-carrying molecules called ATP. As long as there is enough oxygen available, ATP fuels new muscle contractions until finally everything relaxes again. 

However, if there isn't enough oxygen present during muscular activity then lactic acid accumulates in the bloodstream instead of ATP. Lactic acid's buildup reduces blood flow and leads to feelings of fatigue and pain associated with strenuous exercise like weightlifting or sprinting. Therefore, prolonged exertion without adequate oxygen results in cramping, tiredness and feeling heavy in the extremities. In contrast, endurance athletes who train themselves to use more fat for fuel have lower levels of lactic acid even at maximum exertion. However, the only way to do this is by limiting their carbohydrate intake. Endurance training causes structural changes in mitochondria, which are found inside muscle cells and produce ATP. Mitochondria become more efficient over time and better able to use fat for fuel rather than glucose. With less lactic acid buildup, endurance athletes experience fewer signs of fatigue than sprint athletes do despite exertion levels being similar in both cases.